RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é ressaltar o impacto das manifestações dos sans-culottes nas ruas de Paris entre 1792 e 1794 e da politização do debate público sobre a ideologização de Rousseau. De fato, no teatro da Revolução Francesa a mobilização do povo parisiense representa a referência “real” das discussões e polêmicas que se desenvolvem acerca da soberania e expressão da vontade popular. A este respeito, as divergências na teoria e na publicística lidam basicamente com a questão da legitimidade, da (...) oportunidade e dos efeitos possíveis da ação desse povo - que ocupa as ruas de Paris - sobre os destinos das nações e as formas constitucionais dos Estados europeus. Assim, estes debates desenvolvem-se produzindo confrontações, fraturas e cisões, inclusive no interior da sociedade jacobina, marcando sua radicalização em nome de “Jean-Jacques”. O eco desta identificação reverbera até hoje. Sendo assim, esta experiência continua influenciando nosso imaginário da política, sobretudo em momentos de crise. ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyze the effects of sans-culottes movement and that of politicization of the public sphere during the French Revolution on Rousseau ideologization. Thus, the mobilization of Parisian people represented the real material reference for all discussions on popular sovereignty and expression of popular will. The front line was produced by different interpretations on the legitimacy, opportunity, and possible effects of such mobilization on European Nations’ destinies and their constitutional assets. The development of such debates produced confrontations and scissions within the Jacobinist movement. Jacobinism radicalization was conceived and developed “in the name of Jean-Jacques”. The echo of Jacobinist identification with Rousseau still reverberates in our imaginary. Thus, this experience is still influencing our way of thinking politics. That is the reason why Rousseau comes back on public discussion in times of crisis. (shrink)

This paper aims at criticizing a dominant approach adopted in order to studying the relationship between Fichte and Rousseau. It concerns the tendency to reduce their relationship to the critic that Fichte delivered to Rousseau in the famous fifth lesson of Vocation of the scholar in 1794, and to transform it into its key of exhaustive reading. In our opinion, this hermeneutic approach produces some significant effects of misunderstanding of this problem, for instance the tendency to underline the features of (...) Fichte’s break with the philosophy of the 18th century. The main goal of this contribution is then to understand that critics by the presentation of the strategic challenges of this conference, and thus to show the complexity of Rousseau’s influence on Fichte for the elaboration of his own philosophy in particular for the Vocation of the scholar in 1794.Le but de cet article est de problématiser une approche dominante dans la façon de traiter le rapport entre Fichte et Rousseau. Il s’agit de la tendance à réduire ce rapport à la critique que Fichte livre à Rousseau dans la cinquième conférence de la Destination du savant de 1794 en le transformant en sa clé de lecture exhaustive. De cette approche herméneutique découlent à notre avis des effets significatifs de mésentente, parmi lesquels une emphatisation des traits de rupture de la philosophie de Fichte avec la philosophie du 18ème siècle. Proposant de lire la critique de Rousseau à partir des enjeux stratégiques de cette conférence cet article veut relativiser la portée scientifique de cette critique afin de dégager la richesse et la complexité de l’influence exercée par les différents écrits de Rousseau sur Fichte dans l’élaboration de sa propre philosophie et en particulier en 1794. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo pretende pontuar a relevância da presencia de Rousseau no pensamento de Fichte contra a imagem estereotipada da relação entre os dois pensadores. Trata-se, então, de desconstruir a crítica que Fichte dirige a Rousseau na última conferência do ciclo sobre a Vocação do sábio de 1794 a partir dos efeitos que Fichte pretende produzir na audiência. Pois, cabe ressaltar como o objeto dessa critica é um Rousseau caricatural, difundida na audiência alemã pelos trabalhos de Reimarius e Wieland sobre (...) os primeiros dois Discursos e os escritos autobiográficos do autor genebrino. O objetivo principal do trabalho é o de mostrar como por meio dessa diferenciação permite a Fichte integrar subterraneamente motivos rousseauanos destinados a marcar de maneira relevante sua filosofia prática. This article aims at highlighting the relevance of the presence of Rousseau in Fichte’s though against the stereotyped image of their relationship. We deconstruct Fichte’s critics against Rousseau during his last lecture of his Vocation of scholar in 1794. That deconstruction is lead by the effects Fichte aimed to produce on his audience. His goal was to defend himself by the accusation of being a Jacobinist. Then, it has to be showed how the object of his critic is a caricatural image of Rousseau, created and diffused by Wieland and Reimarius by their receptions of Rousseau’s first two Discourses and autobiographic works. The main goal of this work is then to show how Fichte’s differentiation from that caricatural image of Rousseau permits him to integrate Rousseau’s themes aimed to deeply mark his own philosophy. (shrink)